Causes of Osteoperosis

ACCESS


A lcohol

C orticosteroids

C alcium (low intake)

E ostrogen deficiency

S moking

S edentary Lifestyle

c/f of HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE

ABCDE

A- AFFECTIVE DISORDER, ABUSE PROBLEMS, ANTI-SOCIAL

B- BEHAVIOURAL DISTURBANCES

C- CHOREA

D- DEMENTIA(late feature), DEPRESSION(schizophreniform)

E- EPILEPTIC(seizures) AND EXTRAPYRAMIDAL (parkinsonian)

HYPERTHYROIDISM : signs and symptoms

THYROIDISM 


TREMOR

HEART RATE UP

YAWNING(FATIGUED)

RESTLESSNESS

OLIGOMENORRHEA/AMENORRHEA

INTOLERANCE TO HEAT

DIARRHEA

IRRITABILITY

SWEATING

MUSCLE WASTING/WEIGHT LOSS

CAUSES OF REDUCED INTESTINAL MOTILITY

PAD

P-PARKINSONISM

A-AMYLOIDOSIS

D-DIABETES

Turners Syndrome

CLOWNS




C = Cardiac Abnormality; COARCTATION

L = Lymphedema (due to poor lymphatics)

O = Ovaries not developed = amenorrhoea/sterility 

W = Webbed Neck

N =Nipples widely spaced

S=SHORT STATURE
 

charcot's triad of multiple sclerosis

SIN





S-staccato speech

I-intentional tremors

N-nystagmus

Vomiting : Non GI causes

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I 




A cute renal failure

B rain (increased ICP)

C ardiac (inferior MI)

D KA

E ars (labyrinthitis)

F oreign substances (Tylenol)

G laucoma

H yperemesis gravidarum

I nfections (pyelonephritis, meningitis)

Hypercalcemia

SHAMPOO DIRT






S arcoidosis

H yperparathypoidism, Hyperthyroidism

A lkali-milk syndrome

M etastases, Myeloma

P aget disease

O steogenesis imperfecta

O steoporosis

vitamin D toxicity

I mmobility

R TA

T hiazides

Causes of A-Fibrillation/Flutter

HEART


H= cHf, other cardiomyopathies

E= Enlargement of the atria

A= Alcohol binge drinking

R= Rheumatic heart disease

T= hyperThyroid

Back pain causes

DISK MASS 


Degeneration (DJD, osteoporosis, spondylosis)

Infection (UTI, PID, Pott's disease, osteomyelitis, prostatitis)/ Injury, fracture or compression fracture

Spondylitis (ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, Reiters, SLE)

Kidney (stones, infarction, infection)

Multiple myeloma/ Metastasis (from cancers of breast, kidney, lung, prostate, thyroid)

Abdominal pain (referred to the back)/ Aneurysm

Skin (herpes zoster)/ Strain/ Scoliosis and lordosis

Slipped disk/ Spondylolisthesis
 

Apex beat: differential for impalpable apex beat

DOPES 


Dextrocardia

Obesity

Pericarditis or pericardial tamponade

Emphysema

Sinus inversus/ Student incompetence

Atrial fibrillation: causes

PIRATES

Pulmonary: PE, COPD

Iatrogenic

Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation

Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD

Thyroid: hyperthyroid

Endocarditis

Sick sinus syndrome

ECG: T wave inversion causes

INVERT 


Ischemia

Normality [esp. young, black]

Ventricular hypertrophy

Ectopic foci [eg calcified plaques]

RBBB, LBBB

Treatments [digoxin]

Murmurs: innocent murmur

8 S
Soft

Systolic

Short

Sounds (S1 & S2) normal

Symptomless

Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)

Standing/ Sitting (vary with position)

Sternal depression

Depressed ST-segment: causes

DEPRESSED ST 

Drooping valve (MVP)

Enlargement of LV with strain

Potassium loss (hypokalemia)

Reciprocal ST- depression (in I/W AMI)

Embolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism)

Subendocardial ischemia


Subendocardial infarct

Encephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage)

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Shock

Toxicity of digitalis, quinidine

Jugular venous pressure (JVP) elevation: causes

HOLI


Heart failure

Obstruction of venea cava

Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular

Intra-Thoracic pressure increase

CHF: Causes of exacerbation

FAILURE 


Forgot medication

Arrhythmia/ Anaemia

Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection

Lifestyle: taken too much salt

Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism

Renal failure

Embolism: pulmonary

ST elevation causes in ECG

ELEVATION 





Electrolytes

LBBB

Early repolarization

Ventricular hypertrophy

Aneurysm

Treatment (eg pericardiocentesis)

Injury (AMI, contusion)

Osborne waves (hypothermia)

Non-occlusive vasospasm

Pericarditis: Causes

CARDIAC RIND 


Collagen vascular disease

Aortic aneurysm

Radiation

Drugs (such as hydralazine)

Infections

Acute renal failure

Cardiac infarction

Rheumatic fever

Injury

Neoplasms

Dressler's syndrome

Fanconis anemia

FANCONIS


F facial microcephaly

A abnormal testis n kidneys

N neutropenia

C cafe au lait 

O ocular abnormality

N no thumbs n radius

I increased risk of AML 

S skin abnormality

Causes of upper lobe fibrosis

SCAR




S- Sarcoidosis

C- Coal workers pneumonconiosis

A- Ankolysing Spndolitis

R- Radiation

Pin point pupils

3P 


organPhosphorus poisoning

Pontine haemorrhage

oPium poisoning

ACUTE PANCREATITIS

GET SMASHED 





Gall stone

Ethanol

Trauma

Steroid

Mumps

Autoimmunenodosa, ascaris infection

Scorpionvenom

Hypertriglyceridemia (hyperchylomicronaemia, hypercalcaemia)

ERCP 

Drugs ( azathioprime, mesalazine, bendroflumethiazide, frusemide, sodium valproate )

Causes of moderate splenomegaly

SPLEEN 


Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Portal hypertension

Lupus and other autoimmune

EBV + other viruses (HIV, CMV)

Endemic fever (typhoid) and typhus

Non-treponemal spirochaetes (leptospirosis, borreliosis), syphilis, and trypanosomiasis (a bit of a weak grouping I know, but they look vaguely similar!)

Causes of massive splenomegaly

MASSIVE 


Myelofibrosis/myeloproliferative (CML, PRV)/CLL

Amyloidosis + other infiltrative (Gaucher's, sarcoid)

Splenic hydatid cyst

Schistosomiasis

Immune haemolysis/other haemolysis/haemoglobinopathies

Visceral Leishmaniasis

Endemic malaria (hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly)

Neurofibromatosis type 1

VON RECKLINGHAUSEN has 17 letters 

So chromosome 17

TB- Conditions favoring reactivation

CM Hates HIS MD 


Chronic renal failure

Malnutrition

HIV infection

Hemophilia

Immunosuppression

Silicosis

Malignancies

Diabetes

ARDS Aetiology

Narcotic SIDED PAM 






Narcotics

Shock

Inhalation- ammonia, chlorine smoke

Drugs- Barbiturates, thiazides

Emboli- fat, air, amniotic fluid

DIC

Pulmonary infection

Aspiration- water, vomitus

Misc- acute pancreatitis, trauma, sle, raised ICP

Causes of Transudative plural fluid

Super Nova is Pulling My congested Cirrhotic Liver 




Superier vana caval syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome

Pul. emboli

Myxedema

CCF(MC)

Cirrosis liver

Anaphylaxis treatments

ACH{ACETYLCHONE} 




A-ADRENALINE[O.5MG IM]
C-CHLORPHENAMINE[0.5 times20=10mg iv]
H-HYDROCORTISONE[10times20=200mg iv]
 

UMN LMN Lesions

UMN lesion - WISE 


W Weakness

I Increased tendon reflexes

S Spasticity

E Extensor plantar response


LMN lesion -  "World Federation of Waste Land Hikers"

Weakness

Fasciculation

Wasting

Loss/diminished reflexes

Hypotonia

Causes of splenomegaly

CHICAGO

Causes of splenomegaly: Cancer 

Haematological malignancy 

Infection 

Congestion (portal hypertension) 

Autoimmune 

Glycogen storage disease 

Other (amyloidosis)

SLE Criteria

SOAP BRAIN MD

( 4 or more of the 11 required for diagnosis )


Serositis

Oral ulcers

Arthritis: non- erosive, peripheral polyarthritis

Photophobia

Blood dyscrasias: haemolytic anaemia, picture of bone marrow suppression

Renal involvement: proteinuria, red cell casts

ANA positive

Immunological abnormalities: anti- DNA,anti-Sm, Anti- phopholipid ab

Neurological involvement

Malar rash

Discoid rash


 

HORNER'S SYNDROME

MAPLE

M : MIOSIS

A : ANHIDROSIS

P : PTOSIS

L : LOSS OF CILIOSPINAL REFLEX.

E : ENOPHTHALMOS

HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS

ISSPR ( Pak. Army's) 


I: Insulin

S: Sulphonylureases

S: Salicylates

P: Propranolol

R: Sodium valpRoate

Hyperglycemic Drugs

BITE CD 



B: Beta-2 agonists

I: Iron

T: Theophylline

E: Caffeine

C: Corticosteroids

D: Diuretics (thiazide)

 

Wernicke's triad

COAT



Confusion

Opthalmoplegia

Ataxia due to

Thiamine deficiency

Aortic regurgitation - causes

CREAM




Congenital

Rheumatic damage

Endocarditis

Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation

Marfan’s syndrome