Lumbar Spine Examination

Cervical Spine Examination

Shoulder Examination

Secondary Causes of amenorrhea

SOAP

STRESS

OCP

ANOREXIA

PREGNANCY

Risk factors for endometrial cancer

OLD AUNT

O=Obesity

L=Late menopause

D=Diabetes mellitus

RLQ pain: brief female differential

AEIOU

Appendicitis/ Abscess

Ectopic pregnancy/ Endometriosis

Inflammatory disease (pelvic)/ IBD

Oral contraceptive complications: warning signs

 ACHES

Abdominal pain

Chest pain

Headache (severe)

Oral contraceptives: side effects

CONTRACEPTIVES

Cholestatic jaundice

Oedema (corneal)

Nasal congestion

Thyroid dysfunction

Raised BP

Absolute C/I for IUCD

PLEASE DONT EVER PUT CONTRACEPTIVES

Please-Pregnancy(suspected/confirmed)

Dont-DUB

Ever-Ectopic

Put-PID

Contraceptive-Ca cervix

Post menopausal symptoms

Dry HOLE

Dry Vagina

Hot flashes

Osteoporosis

Loss of libido

Emotional lability

Drugs decreasing blood loss in fibroid

A Major Gynae OPD

Antifibrinolytics

Mifepristone

GnRH agonist

ABDOMINAL PAIN: Causes during pregnancy

LARA CROFT

Labour

Abruption of placenta

Rupture (eg:ectopic/uterus)

Abortion

PID COMPLICATIONS

I FACE PID

Infertility

Fitz-hugh-curtis syndrome

Abscesses

Chronic pelvic pain

Ectopic pregnancy

Examination of Breast Lump

Examination of Scrotal Swelling

Examination of Inguino Scrotal Swelling

Examination of THYROID SWELLING

Examination of VARICOSE VEINS

Examination of ULCER

Examination of An Intra-abdominal Lump

GI bleeding: causes

ABCDEFGHI 




Angiodysplasia

Bowel cancer

Colitis

Diverticulitis/ Duodenal ulcer

Epitaxis/ Esophageal (cancer, esophagitis, varices)

Post-operative complications (immediate)

Post-op PROBS


Pain

Primary haemorrhage

Reactionary haemorrhage

Oliguria

Differential Diagnosis : scrotum swelling

THE THEATRES


Torsion

Hernia

Epididymytis, orchitis

Trauma

Hydrocoele, varicocele, hematoma

IUGR: causes

IUGR

Inherited: chromosomal and genetic disorders

Uterus: placental insufficency

General: maternal malnutrition, smoking

Rubella and other congenital infecton

Fetus: cardinal movements of fetus

Don't Forget I Enjoy Really Expensive Equipment

Descent

Flexion

Interal rotation

Extension

Alpha-fetoprotein: causes for increased maternal serum AFP during pregnancy

Increased Maternal Serum Alpha Feto Protein

Intestinal obstruction

Multiple gestation/ Miscalculation of gestational age/ Myeloschisis

Spina bifida cystica

Anencephaly/ Abdominal wall defect

Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH): causes

4 'T's

Tissue (retained placenta)

Tone (uterine atony)

Trauma (traumatic delivery, episiotomy)

Thrombin (coagulation disorders, DIC)

Oral contraceptive complications: warning signs

ACHES







Abdominal pain

Chest pain

Headache (severe)

Eye (blurred vision)

Sharp leg pain

clinical features of Septic Abortion

5 P's

P- Pyrexia

P- Pain in abdomen

P- Pulse rate increase: 100-200/min

P- Purulent vaginal discharge

P- Pelvic findings: Patulous os or a boggy feel of the uterus

Causes of acute & reversible urinary incontinence

DRIP


D: Delirium

R: Restricted mobility, retention

I: Infection, inflammation, impaction (fecal)

P: Polyuria, pharmaceuticals

Etiology of CA Tongue

6-S's

Spices

Spirits

Smoking

Sharp Pointed Teeth

Indications for stone removal

POLICE




Passive - Stone is stationary

Obstruction - Stone causes obstruction

Large - stone too large to pass

Infection

Small Bowel Obstruction

SHAVIT

S tone (gallstone ileus)

H ernia

A dhesions

V olvulus

Urinary Incontinence- causes

U SOFT


Urge

Stress

Overflow

Funcional

Total

Scrotum masses

SHOVE IT

Spermatocele

Hydrocele/ Haematocele

Orchitis

Varicocele

Peutz Jeghers Syndrome

PJ

P = Polyps

J =  Jejunal


Peutz Jeghers syndrome is characterised by Jejunal polyps

sclerosing agents

APES are QUte


A = Absolute alcohol

P = Polidocanal

E = Ethanolamine oleate

saints triad

D,G,H



D-diveticulosis

G-gall stones.

H-hiatus hernia.

Sign of Acute Limb Ischaemia

7 Ps and 2 Ms


7 Ps
1) Pain

2) Pallor

3) Pulseless

4) Paraesthesia

5) Paralysis

6) Perishing cold

7) Pistol shot onset

Hemobilia - Triad

MOB

Malena

Obstructive jaundice

Biliary colic

Aneurysm : types

MAD SCAB





MYCOTIC

ATHEROSCLEROTIC

DISSECTING

SYPHILITIC

Layers of scalp

SCALP

S= Skin

C= Connective tissue (dense)

A= Aponeurosis

L= Loose connective tissue

P= Pericranium

Appendicitis - findings

OH Mr Peter is Bold ,Rude and Rough


1.OBTURATOR SIGN

2.HYPERAESTHESIA IN SHERRENS TRIANGLE

3.MC-BURNEYS TENDERNESS

4.PSOAS SIGN

PERFORATOR VEINS

CBD from below upwards


C- cockette perforator-ankle

B-boyd perforator-knee

D-dodd perforator- mid thigh

SARCOMAS THAT SPREAD VIA LYMPHNODES

SCREAM

SYNOVIAL CELL SARCOMA

CLEAR CELL SARCOMA

RHABDOMYO SARCOMA

EPITHELIAL SARCOMA
  

ANGIOSARCOMA

MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA

Gardner syndrome : feature

DEAF


D.............Desmoid tumour

E.............Epididymal cyst

A............Ampulary carcinoma

F.............Fibroma

BRCA -1

OCP

O-Ovarian ca

C-Colorectal ca

P-Prostate ca

Causes of DVT

THROMBOSIS


Trauma,

Hormones-OCP'S

Road traffic accidents,

Operations-cholecystectomy,

Malignancy,

Blood disorders-polycythemia,

Obesity,Old age,Orthopedic surgery,

Serious illness,

Immobilisation,

Splenctomy.

Cold abscess

MALT


Madura foot.

Actinomycosis.

Leprosy.

Tuberculosis.

spleen rupture

ABCDEFG

Anaemia

BP low

Cold periphery

Distended abdomen

Elevated pulse

Frenic nerve iritatio-kehr sign

Guarding rigidity

Pierre Robin Syndrome(PRS)

PRS


P- Palate cleft only

R- Respiratory obstruction(cyanotic spells), Retracted Tongue

S- Small mandible(micrognathia)

Indications 4 dialysis

AEIOU


ACID BASE PROBLEMS

ELECTROLTYE PROBLEMS

INTOXICATION

OVERLOAD[FLUID]

UREMIC SYSTOMS

Acute pancreatitis causes

GET SMASHeD Pancreatitis 


G-Gall stone

E-Ethanol

T-Trauma

S-Steroid

M-Mumps

A-Autoimmune

S-Scorpion bite

H-Hypercalcaemia

D-Drugs like sulfa drugs

P-Post splenectomy

lymphatic spread of sarcomas

RACE for MS

R habdomyosarcoma

A ngiosarcoma

C lear cell sarcoma

E pithelial sarcoma

M alignant histiosarcoma

S ynovial sarcoma

Indications for Tonsillectomy

HARMS

H : Hypertrophy with hoarseness

A : Abscess (Peritonsillar - Quinsy)

R : Recurrent sore throat

M : Malignancy is suspected

S : Seizures (Febrile seizures due to Tonsillitis)

Tumors with Bone Mets

All kinds of malignant tumors probably like metastsizing to bone.



Alimentary 

Kidney 

Ovarian 

Malignant Melanoma

Thyroid 

Prostate 

Lung 

Multiple Myeloma 

Testis 

Breast

Lynch syndrome

CEO

C-colon carcinoma
E-endometrial carcinoma
O-ovarian carcinoma

Adrenal: C 21 Hydroxylase Deficiency

INK For Pen of Dean

INK - INcrease in K

For Pen - Female Pseudohermaphrodite 

Dean DEcrease in Na hence fall in Blood Pressure

and 17 hydroxylase is exactly opposite

Decrease in K

Male pseudohermaphrodite

Increase in Na (Hence increase in Blood pressure too)

drugs not given in HOCM

DNB

D - DIURETICS, DIGOXIN

N - NITRATES 

B - BETA AGONISTS

EDWARDS SYNDROME : Characteristics

EDWARDS

Eighteen (trisomy)

Digit overlapping flexion

Wide head

Absent intellect (mentally retarded)

Rocker-bottom feet

Diseased heart

Small lower jaw

SEIZURES- Mind maps

EPILEPSY - Mind maps

Villi of small Intestine

Tongue with taste bud

Red Blood Cell

Purkinje Neurons

Lung alveoli

Human hair cells

Blood clot

6 day old human embryo

Causes of Osteoperosis

ACCESS


A lcohol

C orticosteroids

C alcium (low intake)

E ostrogen deficiency

S moking

S edentary Lifestyle

c/f of HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE

ABCDE

A- AFFECTIVE DISORDER, ABUSE PROBLEMS, ANTI-SOCIAL

B- BEHAVIOURAL DISTURBANCES

C- CHOREA

D- DEMENTIA(late feature), DEPRESSION(schizophreniform)

E- EPILEPTIC(seizures) AND EXTRAPYRAMIDAL (parkinsonian)

HYPERTHYROIDISM : signs and symptoms

THYROIDISM 


TREMOR

HEART RATE UP

YAWNING(FATIGUED)

RESTLESSNESS

OLIGOMENORRHEA/AMENORRHEA

INTOLERANCE TO HEAT

DIARRHEA

IRRITABILITY

SWEATING

MUSCLE WASTING/WEIGHT LOSS

CAUSES OF REDUCED INTESTINAL MOTILITY

PAD

P-PARKINSONISM

A-AMYLOIDOSIS

D-DIABETES

Turners Syndrome

CLOWNS




C = Cardiac Abnormality; COARCTATION

L = Lymphedema (due to poor lymphatics)

O = Ovaries not developed = amenorrhoea/sterility 

W = Webbed Neck

N =Nipples widely spaced

S=SHORT STATURE
 

charcot's triad of multiple sclerosis

SIN





S-staccato speech

I-intentional tremors

N-nystagmus

Vomiting : Non GI causes

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I 




A cute renal failure

B rain (increased ICP)

C ardiac (inferior MI)

D KA

E ars (labyrinthitis)

F oreign substances (Tylenol)

G laucoma

H yperemesis gravidarum

I nfections (pyelonephritis, meningitis)

Hypercalcemia

SHAMPOO DIRT






S arcoidosis

H yperparathypoidism, Hyperthyroidism

A lkali-milk syndrome

M etastases, Myeloma

P aget disease

O steogenesis imperfecta

O steoporosis

vitamin D toxicity

I mmobility

R TA

T hiazides

Causes of A-Fibrillation/Flutter

HEART


H= cHf, other cardiomyopathies

E= Enlargement of the atria

A= Alcohol binge drinking

R= Rheumatic heart disease

T= hyperThyroid

Back pain causes

DISK MASS 


Degeneration (DJD, osteoporosis, spondylosis)

Infection (UTI, PID, Pott's disease, osteomyelitis, prostatitis)/ Injury, fracture or compression fracture

Spondylitis (ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, Reiters, SLE)

Kidney (stones, infarction, infection)

Multiple myeloma/ Metastasis (from cancers of breast, kidney, lung, prostate, thyroid)

Abdominal pain (referred to the back)/ Aneurysm

Skin (herpes zoster)/ Strain/ Scoliosis and lordosis

Slipped disk/ Spondylolisthesis
 

Apex beat: differential for impalpable apex beat

DOPES 


Dextrocardia

Obesity

Pericarditis or pericardial tamponade

Emphysema

Sinus inversus/ Student incompetence

Atrial fibrillation: causes

PIRATES

Pulmonary: PE, COPD

Iatrogenic

Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation

Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD

Thyroid: hyperthyroid

Endocarditis

Sick sinus syndrome

ECG: T wave inversion causes

INVERT 


Ischemia

Normality [esp. young, black]

Ventricular hypertrophy

Ectopic foci [eg calcified plaques]

RBBB, LBBB

Treatments [digoxin]

Murmurs: innocent murmur

8 S
Soft

Systolic

Short

Sounds (S1 & S2) normal

Symptomless

Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)

Standing/ Sitting (vary with position)

Sternal depression

Depressed ST-segment: causes

DEPRESSED ST 

Drooping valve (MVP)

Enlargement of LV with strain

Potassium loss (hypokalemia)

Reciprocal ST- depression (in I/W AMI)

Embolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism)

Subendocardial ischemia


Subendocardial infarct

Encephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage)

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Shock

Toxicity of digitalis, quinidine

Jugular venous pressure (JVP) elevation: causes

HOLI


Heart failure

Obstruction of venea cava

Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular

Intra-Thoracic pressure increase

CHF: Causes of exacerbation

FAILURE 


Forgot medication

Arrhythmia/ Anaemia

Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection

Lifestyle: taken too much salt

Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism

Renal failure

Embolism: pulmonary

ST elevation causes in ECG

ELEVATION 





Electrolytes

LBBB

Early repolarization

Ventricular hypertrophy

Aneurysm

Treatment (eg pericardiocentesis)

Injury (AMI, contusion)

Osborne waves (hypothermia)

Non-occlusive vasospasm

Pericarditis: Causes

CARDIAC RIND 


Collagen vascular disease

Aortic aneurysm

Radiation

Drugs (such as hydralazine)

Infections

Acute renal failure

Cardiac infarction

Rheumatic fever

Injury

Neoplasms

Dressler's syndrome

Fanconis anemia

FANCONIS


F facial microcephaly

A abnormal testis n kidneys

N neutropenia

C cafe au lait 

O ocular abnormality

N no thumbs n radius

I increased risk of AML 

S skin abnormality

Causes of upper lobe fibrosis

SCAR




S- Sarcoidosis

C- Coal workers pneumonconiosis

A- Ankolysing Spndolitis

R- Radiation

Pin point pupils

3P 


organPhosphorus poisoning

Pontine haemorrhage

oPium poisoning

ACUTE PANCREATITIS

GET SMASHED 





Gall stone

Ethanol

Trauma

Steroid

Mumps

Autoimmunenodosa, ascaris infection

Scorpionvenom

Hypertriglyceridemia (hyperchylomicronaemia, hypercalcaemia)

ERCP 

Drugs ( azathioprime, mesalazine, bendroflumethiazide, frusemide, sodium valproate )

Causes of moderate splenomegaly

SPLEEN 


Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Portal hypertension

Lupus and other autoimmune

EBV + other viruses (HIV, CMV)

Endemic fever (typhoid) and typhus

Non-treponemal spirochaetes (leptospirosis, borreliosis), syphilis, and trypanosomiasis (a bit of a weak grouping I know, but they look vaguely similar!)

Causes of massive splenomegaly

MASSIVE 


Myelofibrosis/myeloproliferative (CML, PRV)/CLL

Amyloidosis + other infiltrative (Gaucher's, sarcoid)

Splenic hydatid cyst

Schistosomiasis

Immune haemolysis/other haemolysis/haemoglobinopathies

Visceral Leishmaniasis

Endemic malaria (hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly)

Neurofibromatosis type 1

VON RECKLINGHAUSEN has 17 letters 

So chromosome 17

TB- Conditions favoring reactivation

CM Hates HIS MD 


Chronic renal failure

Malnutrition

HIV infection

Hemophilia

Immunosuppression

Silicosis

Malignancies

Diabetes

ARDS Aetiology

Narcotic SIDED PAM 






Narcotics

Shock

Inhalation- ammonia, chlorine smoke

Drugs- Barbiturates, thiazides

Emboli- fat, air, amniotic fluid

DIC

Pulmonary infection

Aspiration- water, vomitus

Misc- acute pancreatitis, trauma, sle, raised ICP

Causes of Transudative plural fluid

Super Nova is Pulling My congested Cirrhotic Liver 




Superier vana caval syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome

Pul. emboli

Myxedema

CCF(MC)

Cirrosis liver

Anaphylaxis treatments

ACH{ACETYLCHONE} 




A-ADRENALINE[O.5MG IM]
C-CHLORPHENAMINE[0.5 times20=10mg iv]
H-HYDROCORTISONE[10times20=200mg iv]
 

UMN LMN Lesions

UMN lesion - WISE 


W Weakness

I Increased tendon reflexes

S Spasticity

E Extensor plantar response


LMN lesion -  "World Federation of Waste Land Hikers"

Weakness

Fasciculation

Wasting

Loss/diminished reflexes

Hypotonia

Causes of splenomegaly

CHICAGO

Causes of splenomegaly: Cancer 

Haematological malignancy 

Infection 

Congestion (portal hypertension) 

Autoimmune 

Glycogen storage disease 

Other (amyloidosis)

SLE Criteria

SOAP BRAIN MD

( 4 or more of the 11 required for diagnosis )


Serositis

Oral ulcers

Arthritis: non- erosive, peripheral polyarthritis

Photophobia

Blood dyscrasias: haemolytic anaemia, picture of bone marrow suppression

Renal involvement: proteinuria, red cell casts

ANA positive

Immunological abnormalities: anti- DNA,anti-Sm, Anti- phopholipid ab

Neurological involvement

Malar rash

Discoid rash


 

HORNER'S SYNDROME

MAPLE

M : MIOSIS

A : ANHIDROSIS

P : PTOSIS

L : LOSS OF CILIOSPINAL REFLEX.

E : ENOPHTHALMOS

HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS

ISSPR ( Pak. Army's) 


I: Insulin

S: Sulphonylureases

S: Salicylates

P: Propranolol

R: Sodium valpRoate

Hyperglycemic Drugs

BITE CD 



B: Beta-2 agonists

I: Iron

T: Theophylline

E: Caffeine

C: Corticosteroids

D: Diuretics (thiazide)

 

Wernicke's triad

COAT



Confusion

Opthalmoplegia

Ataxia due to

Thiamine deficiency

Aortic regurgitation - causes

CREAM




Congenital

Rheumatic damage

Endocarditis

Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation

Marfan’s syndrome

Anion gap metabolic acidosis: causes

A MUDPILE CAT

Alcohol

Methanol

Uremia


Diabetic ketoacidosis

Paraldehyde

Iron/ Isoniazid

Lactic acidosis

Ethylene glycol

Carbamazepine

Aspirin

Toluene

History taking question

COMPLAINS


C-Complain:What is the problem?

O-Onset:what did it start?

M-Magnitude:is it mild,sever?

P-Pattern:Episodic,intermittent,constant?

L-Location:where it is?

A-Associated symptoms?

I-Improvement:what make it better?

N-Negetive Stimuli:What makes worse?

S-Specific Episode:In past.

CAUSES OF CLUBBING

CLUBBING 


Cyanotic heart diseases and cystic fibrosis;

Lung cancer and lung abscess; 

Ulcerative colitis; 

Bronchiectasis;

Benign mesothelioma; 

Infective endocarditis, idiopathic pulmonary

fibrosis, idiopathic, and inherited; 

Neurogenic tumors; and

Gastrointestinal diseases (e.g., cirrhosis and regional enteritis).

D/D HYPOGLYCAEMIA

HIPOGLICEMIA. 


H-Headtrauma/Hepatic failure (Fulminant)

I-Insulinomas

P-Physhosis

O-Overdose of insulin

G-Glycogen storage Disease/glucogan Deficiency

L-Lymphomas

I-Isolated ACTH deficiency

C-Carcinomas

E-Excess Exercise/Eating problem(starvation)

M-Medications (drugs)

I-Intoxication Of alcohol

A-Addision disease.

Aortic stenosis - symptom

SAD



S-syncope

A-angina

D-dyspnea

Causes of epilepsy

VITAMIN 


vascular

infective

trauma

autoimmune

metabolic

idiopathic

neoplastic

ANKLE REFLEX ABSENT & EXTENSOR PLANTOR

FACTS 

 F-Friedrich Ataxia

A-Amyotropic lateral Sclerosis

C-conus lesions of spinal cord

T- tabes dorsalis

S-sub acute combined degeneration of spinal cord

Severe Hypertension - treatment

Hypertensive Patientsshould have their BP reduced to Safe Not Normal Levels

Hydralazine

Phentolamine

Sodium Nitroprusside

Nitrate

Labetalol
 

Causes of Mitral Stenosis other than RHD/Congenital

MRCS Edinberg 

Mucopolysaccharidosis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Carcinoid

SLE

Endocarditis-healed

BEHCETS SYNDROME

HAVE A SUPERB GAIT 


H-HLA B5

A-Arthritis

V-Venous thromboembolism

E-Elevated ESR

A-Autoantibodies

S-Skin lesions

U-Ulcers that recur in oral cavity

P-Pathergy test

E-Eye lesions

R-Recurrent genital ulcers

B-Bain stem involvement(CNS-Behcets syndrome)

G-Glucocorticoids

A-Azathioprine

I-Interferon

T-Thalidomide

Budd chiari syndrome -causes

"5 Ps" 

Polycythemia
Pills(OCPs)
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Protein C, Protein S deficiency
Pregnancy

Heart failure-Major criteria

RP PANICS

R-Rales

P-Positive hepatojugular reflex

P-Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A-Acute pulmonary edema

N-Neck veins

I-Increased venous pressure

C-Cardiomegaly

S-S3 

IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY HEMOSIDEROSIS- TRIAD

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis ie IPH

charac. Triad is

I - Iron def. Anemia
P - Pulmonary alveolar infiltrates on chest X-ray!
H - Hemoptysis

Tuberous sclerosis TRIAD

Characteristic triad of tuberous sclerosis..
3 S
tuberous Sclerosis

S - SEIZURES

S - SUBNORMAL
INTELLIGENCE

S- SEBACEUM adenoma

apart frm ths triad it s asso. wit another S!

Its SHAGREEN PATCH!!

FANCONI anemia

FANCONI



F-fanconi anemia
A-aplastic anemia
N-normo (normocytic n normochromic)
Coni-congenital

AXONAL DEGENERATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVE

MCH is a TOXIC Degree 

M Metabolic 

C CHARCOAT marie tooth 

H Hiv 

T Toxic 

D- D.M

MI:clinical features

PULSE

 
P:persistent chest pain

U:upset stomach

L:light headedness

S:shortness of breath

E:excesive sweating

Autosomal Dominant Diseases

FEW Hereditory Problems HAVE AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT Character

•F - Familial Hypercholestrolemia (LDL receptor defect Type IIa)
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
•E - Ehlor's Danlos (vascular type)
•W - Waardenburg Syndrome
•Hereditory - Hereditory Spherocytosis
•Problems - Peutz Jeghers Syndrome
Polydactyly
Pfeiffer Syndrome
•H - Huntington's Disease
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
•A - Alexander Disease
Antithrombin Deficiency
•V - Von Willebrand Disease
Von Hippel Lindau
•E - Ectrodactyly

•Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
•Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase Deficiency (Inherited Porphyria Cutanea Tarda)
•Tuberous Sclerosis
•Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Except Type VII)
•Superoxide Dismutase Deficient (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
•Osteopetrosis Type II (Adult type)
•Marfan Syndrome
•Achondroplasia
•Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

•Dystrophia Myotonica
•Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome
•Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
•Insomnia (Fatal Familial)
•Noonan Syndrome
•Acute Intermittent Porphyria
•Neurofibromatosis
•Treacher Collins Syndrome

•Character - Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome

Causes of Pseudotumor cerebrii

WASH A Outdated Quilt

W-withdrawl of steroid
A-addison's ds
S-sle
H-hypoparathyroidism

A-vit A overdose
Outdated-Outdated tetracyclines
Quilt-quinolones.

BILATERAL PAROTID ENLARGEMENT

MC SAD

M-MUMPS
C-CHRONIC PAN.
S-SJOGREN/ SARCOIDOSIS
A-AMYLOIDOSIS
D-DM

papillary necrosis

 POST CARD

P Pyelonephritis
O Obstructive uropathy
S Sickle cell ds
T Tuberculosis
C Cirrhosis
A Analgesic nephropathy
R Renal artery thrombosis
D Diabetic nephropathy

Causes of Cramps

Causes of Cramps are "CRAMP"-

Calcium level low
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Magnesium level low
Porphyria

Cardiovascular

Rheumatology

Cranial nerves - Sensory, motor and mixed

On Old Olymbus Towering Top A Finn And Germans Viewed Some Hopes

   1. Olfactory
   2. Optic
   3. Occulomotor
   4. Trochlear
   5. Trigeminal
   6. Abducens
   7. Facial
   8. Auditory
   9. Glossopharangeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory spinal
  12. Hypoglossal

Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
S = Sensory, M = Motor, B = Both (sensory + motor)

Posterior relations of the kidney

LM(NO)PQRST:

Lateral arcuate ligament,
Medial arcuate lig,
    (NOthing - Take a break :-)),
Psoas major,
Quadratus lumborum,
Rocky means diaphragm as diaphragm is like rock,
Subcoastal vessels,
Transverse abdominis.

MAO-A and MAO-B Isoenzyme locations

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) isoenzyme locations are as follows:

MAO-A is located in Alimentary tract (intestine) and Adrenergic peripheral structures.
MAO-B is located in Brain and Blood platelets.

Henoch–Schönlein purpura

P's of HS Purpura:

Palpable Purpura
Pressure (Blanches on pressure)
Pruritis
Pain abdomen and joints
Positive Guaiac sign in faeces
Proteinuria
Prednisolone given in treatment
Platlet count may be raised but not low (DD: ITP)

Fragile X Syndrome

M's of fragile-X Syndrome:

Male
Mental retardation
Macro orchidism
Mutation in FMR1 gene (caused by Methylation of part of chromosome)
Multiple CGG repeats
Maxillary excess (Long face)
Muscle tone decreased
Mothers (females) are obligatory carriers

Drugs causing hepatic necrosis

Remember "Very Angry Hepatocytes":

Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
Halothane

MBBS

                               Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated in various ways, viz. "BMBS", MB BChir, BM BCh, MB BCh, MB ChB, MBBS, BM, BMed, M.B.B.S. etc.), are the two first professional degrees awarded upon graduation from medical school in medicine and surgery by universities in various countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom. The naming suggests that they are two separate degrees; however, in practice, they are usually treated as one and awarded together. Usually, students who have graduated with a "Bachelor of Medicine" degree may also practice surgery, because it is equivalent to the "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" degree.

                               Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery or MBBS, as it is known in some countries, is the degree that is required to become a doctor in allopathic medicine. Thus MBBS is not the universal degree that is offered after completion of undergraduate medical courses in all the countries as there are various branches of medicine and medical degrees in different countries are known differently. For example, while most medical schools in Australia offer MBBS degree after completion of undergraduate medical courses, the University of New Castle offers B.Med after five years of undergraduate studies. In England also MBBS is only one of variants of range of medical degrees that are offered by different universities.

                              MB ChB, BM BCh, BM BS, BM, MB Bchir are some of the other degrees that are offered in UK. The system of medical education in USA, on the other hand, is very different and one needs to complete first a bachelor degree before undertaking medical studies.

                              MBBS is most popularly known as the degree required for becoming a doctor in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Therefore in this article we will discuss in brief the method of obtaining the MBBS degree in these countries.
                             

MBBS in India:
 
Although MBBS is not the only degree for becoming a doctor in India, as there are other branches of medicine like Ayurveda and Homeopathy, it is still the most coveted of all the medical degrees in India. For pursuing an MBBS degree in India one needs to complete 12 years of study and admission to most medical colleges in India are done on the basis of medical entrance test of various medial colleges. The Central board of Secondary education also conducts an All India Pre Medical Entrance Test for admission to 15% of the total seats for medical and dental courses in all medical and dental colleges run by the Union of India. For pursuing MBBS course in India, one needs to pass the higher secondary examination or its equivalent in the science stream with biology as a subject.